Dynamic of percussive enginnering Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Dynamic of percussive enginnering - Dissertation Example Oil wells were considered as the prosperity of a nation and the quantity of oil that was taken out from these oil wells originated to fall with the passage of the time. Thus the contemporary technical community has prepared vast scientific advances in the modification of the drilling methods that was tracked in the past. The oil well drilling systems that were utilized in the older age convoluted the conventional drilling technique which was named as the percussion technique (Beck, 1995). This technique was being extensively used in nearly all the oil wells throughout the world. In this oil well drilling method the earth's crust is infiltrated by the help of a very weighty device that take out the oil by way of a hole. The chief drawback of this technique was that this procedure was actually time based method and the drilling had to be irregularly suspended. Now along with new methods of drilling, the percussion drilling is also modified with latest technologies in order to improve i ts performance (Hartman, 1959). In the incident of the contemporary drilling techniques the oil well drillers utilize the horizontal drilling process, which came to be really efficient technology when matched to the conventional drilling technique that was utilized till then. The utmost benefit of this technique was that the wells, which were penetrated by the horizontal method, had greater surface area which consecutively prepared the well to be tremendously productive (Hartman, 1963).... agmented rock characteristic of geothermal developments is compatible to impact drilling because there is diminutive or no plastic distortion of the rock (Harpst and Davis, 1949). Percussion drilling utilizes a back and forth down-hole piston/anvil structure to put on impact loading either to a custom roller-cone bit or to a one-piece bit set with diamond coated insertions. CONTENTS S.no Topic Pages 1 Introduction & literature Review 1-2 1.1 Introduction 1-2 1.1.1 Background and context 1 1.1.2 Thesis objectives 1-2 1.2 Literature Review 3-15 1.2.1 Drilling Methods 4-5 1.2.2 Examples of drilling methods 5-12 1.2.2.1 Rotary drilling 5-8 1.2.2.2 Percussive drilling 9-10 1.2.2.3 Rotary – Percussive drilling 10-11 1.2.2.4 Other drilling 11-12 1.2.3 Drill bits 12-15 2 Percussive Drilling 16-27 2.1 Introduction to percussive drilling 17 2.2 Principle of Operation 17-19 2.3 Pros and Cons of percussive drilling 19-21 2.3.1 Pros 19-20 2.3.2 Cons 21-22 2.3.3 Percussive drilling developm ent 22-23 2.3.4 Mathematical Models 23-27 3 Non-linear dynamics techniques 28-31 3.1 Introduction 28-29 3.2 Bifurcation, Poincare map and chaos 29-31 3.2.1 Bifurcation 29-30 3.2.2 Poincare map 30 3.2.3 Chaos 31 4 Mathematical modelling 32-40 4.1 Description of the mathematical model 32-34 4.2 Numerical results 34-36 4.2.1 Steady state response 26-39 4.2.2 Bifurcation and progression of the model over a range of static force 39-40 Â  5 Conclusion 41 Bibliography 1. Introduction & literature Review 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Background and context Material removal rate in the drilling region is one of the significant factors of determination of drilling economics. Over-all drilling expenses can be solved by forecasting the material removal rate and employed for pit preparation. The features which upset

Asian American Women Essay Example for Free

Asian American Women Essay Dr. Eliza Noh from the California State University-Fullerton has spent much of her professional life studying depression and suicide among Asian-American women. She was inspired to do so and was triggered by her sister’s suicide incident in 1990. In one of her findings, she mentioned about the culturalist biases in psychology. This explained the tendency to expound on Asian-American psychology in culturalist terms (Confucianism and Acculturation model,) static and the dualistic portrayals of Asian American culture vs western culture (Traditional vs. Modern. ) She also explained the roles of race and gender issues that were experienced by many Asian American women. This included the role of orientalism and the stereotype of the â€Å"perpetual foreigner,† including the racial and gender dynamics in perpetuating cultural hegemonies, and the impact of racism and sexism. As described in the presentation, Asian Americans are often expected to be smart in math and science. Other educational expectations are also set because of their race and ethnicities. For most Asian Americans, suicide survivors had developed diverse healing strategies that challenged liberal approaches to recovery; there is this unfeasibility of recovery itself. One thing that was found helping Asian American women that reduced suicide commitments was writing. It also empowered these women to give themselves another chance in life. My thoughts on this presentation were normal, for I was Asian myself. It is a fact that Asian Americans often carry high expectation from parents, friends, or even from their own self-esteem. I personally experienced that something was inappropriate with regards to my academic ranking in junior high school. My academic stance in school was not as high as the expectations set by my parents that led me to believe that I was not love and that I was a useless child. I even thought about leaving home and just be part of the homeless. But my friends encouraged me to look forward and forget about the limitations at home, and enjoy my life the way I wanted. After all, I enjoyed my junior high with tons of fun and excitements; surprisingly I had also reached the expectations that were for myself improvement. Learning from this class and from Dr. Eliza Noh’s presentation gave me an insight of the many expectations set for women in all the cultural perspectives. This includes not only the bodily image that the public and media are looking for, but also the pressure from family and peers in pursuing educational goals. A failure in the accomplishment of goals normally results in many uncomfortable scenarios, and may even lead to suicide.

Abortion In Natural Moral Law And Utilitarian Ethics Philosophy Essay

Abortion In Natural Moral Law And Utilitarian Ethics Philosophy Essay The current ethical issue of abortion is a broad and complex ethical issue which can be approached from many moral and ethical directions. Two such directions can be the deontological Natural Moral Law and the teleological or consequentialist Utilitarian ethics. Abortion, from the Latin aborior, to pass away, is an induced termination of a pregnancy. Historically, as today, an abortion is the focal point of much controversy. The laws governing abortion have changed considerably in the last fifty years to accommodate abortion as an option for a pregnant woman. A landmark US case giving a mother right to wilful abortion occurred in 1973 set in motion by a woman called Jane Roe in Dallas, Texas. Roe wished to terminate her pregnancy, but in Texas at the time, only victims of rape or incest could procure a legal abortion. The case reached the Supreme Court where the judges ruled that abortion was a constitutional right to women, overturning laws in every state which denied abortion to women through medically qualified doctors. Abortion is now legally allowed in many western countries for women. Since the legality of abortions came into effect, much debate has occurred from opposite so called pro-choice and pro-life groups, gathering many argumen ts from both deontological and teleological ethics. Utilitarianism  is the idea that the  moral worth  of an action is determined solely by its contribution to overall  utility: that is, its contribution to happiness or pleasure as summed among all people.  [1]   Utilitarianism places no emphasis on whether an action is right or wrong, right is only so once the pleasure has been decided to outweigh the pain in the circumstances resulting from the decision. Pleasure, in early Utilitarian thinking, was only concerned with the physical, e.g. being well fed. John Stuart Mill later argued that pleasure was also quantifiable in intellectual and spiritual terms. These higher pleasures he argued outweighed the lower pleasures. Mill proposed, for example being well fed, at the expense of a mans spirituality was a lesser pleasure, and in effect, not as right as a spiritually enlightened man who was hungry. The hungry man experiences higher pleasure, as spiritual enlightenment lasts significantly longer than the feeling of being well fed. Consequentialist Utilitarians would argue that abortion is an entirely neutral act. The consequences resulting from the abortion determine the rightness. A specific system of measuring the pleasure against pain can be utilised called Hedonic Calculus. Hedonic Calculus first proposed by Jeremy Bentham, measures pleasure/pain through eight categories: Certainty Duration Extent   Intensity   Remoteness   Richness Purity  [2]   This calculus subjectively determines if the pain outweighs the pleasure in a scenario of a potential abortion. A mother may need an abortion to save her own life if it is in peril due to her pregnancy, she cannot afford to leave her children motherless. This scenario, shown through Hedonic Calculus allows abortion to be the right choice as 1. There is a high certainty the mother will die, 2. The duration of mourning for the family would be very long as would the duration of risk to her other children, 3. The pain and suffering for her surviving family would be very great and so on. A different scenario in which the mother seeks an abortion so she can go on a holiday would be morally wrong as from categories: 2. the pleasure of a child will last years compared to that of a comparatively short holiday, 4. The intensity of the pleasure of a child is much greater and higher significance as it is emotional and spiritual than a physical and emotional holiday. The taking of a life can be justified in Utilitarianism as there are no standing rules of what is right or wrong for a general scenario, i.e. abortion. Every circumstance is different and warrants a separate evaluation to determine the correct action. Natural law is a branch of deontological ethics, deon meaning duty in Latin. Natural law  or the  law of nature  is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by  nature  and that therefore has validity everywhere.  [3]  These laws, created by God, are discernible to all peoples and are thought of as moral absolutes, natural moral law theory implies that we  discover  morality we do not  invent  it,  (J.P. Moreland, What Is Natural Moral Law). It is mans duty to be rational, and as God is rational too, it is rational that humans must love God. Thomas Aquinas, a figurehead for natural moral law proposed five primary precepts and other secondary precepts. The primary precepts proposed where: The continuation of the species through procreation The education of children The desire to live in society The worship of God The preservation of the self These precepts are considered in natural moral law to be the most basic aspirations of all humans. Aquinas believed that all humans wished to do good and follow the precepts but through ignorance to the Natural Moral Law, some could do wrong. Aquinas argued that good ethical decisions could be arrived at by reason alone. Humans have the power of deducing what is good and what is wrong through application of their conscience. Natural Law, being deontological, imposes inalienable rules that cannot be broken. Natural Law can be seen as order provided by nature which exists for a purpose. A common criticism of Utilitarianism would be the difficulty of its real world application. The theory of a decision may be morally sound, but the limitless unexpected permutations prevent proper ethical conduct from occurring once theory is put to practice. The Tribunal of the Holy Office, a catholic authority was once queried on the 4th of May, 1898 as to whether a foetus was allowed to be removed from its womb before natural course did so. The tribunal resolved that there was no exception to natural birth, even inducing premature labour with the intention of saving the babys life. However, if life saving surgery were to be performed on the mother, which would have consequences on the growing foetus, it should not be maintained that the fetal(sic)  life  is thereby directly attacked. The  evil  is not made a means to obtain the  good  effect; for this would be to do  evil  that  good  might come of it.  [4]   This fulfils the Natural Law requirement of the act of being good as separate from the concept of doing good. To be morally correct, one must not embark on a course of action which is right purely to obtain an evil or vain end. The right must be to cause neutral or correct consequences. This certainty of rules and moral action allows the system of Natural Law to be an unquestionable authority if placed alongside Utilitarian ethics which are in permanent flux. The Catholic Church supports the notion of ensoulment, where at conception a foetus is given a soul by God. A soul is viewed as a separate form to the physical body, but is linked inextricably until death. The act of abortion goes against the first precept of Natural Law, denying the continuation of the species through abortion. Even if that abortion would lead to saving a life, the authority to kill a foetus does not rest in humans hands. It is inhumane to end the life of a baby, as natural law theory holds;  one may never directly intend to kill an innocent human being  [5]  . After conception, Natural Law argues that the foetus is human so is equal in right to life as its mother. There is no greater worth placed on the mother living than the child as both are considered equal. Utilitarianism would argue against the inflexibility of the rules of Natural Law regarding to the preservation of a childs life. Utilitarians would argue that greater suffering may be caused by the preservation of a foetus life. The mother of the child may be a chronic drug addict, and the chances of the baby growing up disadvantaged are high. It could be argued that the mother may not be fit to care for a child and the child would suffer a hard life, through mal-parenting and possible separation from the mother in later years. A possible course of action would be a wilful abortion by the mother to prevent suffering of a child. The rigidity of Natural Law allows no exceptions to be made, even if the pleasure resulting from an abortion vastly outweighs the pain. This rigidity of laws could cause unnecessary harm to many people. Correct decision making can stem from both deontological and consequentialist ethics. While Natural Moral Law argues that the laws of nature are absolute, Utilitarianism argues that no laws constantly serve the greatest good, and only through flexibility can good be achieved. The primary precepts of Natural Law indicate clearly that abortion is wrong so far as the taking of an innocent life, and interrupting the natural result of procreation. Utilitarianism states that abortion, like all actions is an entirely neutral act until the consequences are evaluated. Both ethical systems allow an opportunity for an individual to formulate an understanding of, and ethically right decision on abortion.

Comparing the French Lieutenants Woman and Jewel in the Crown Essay

Similarities between French Lieutenant's Woman and Jewel in the Crown      Ã‚  Ã‚   John Fowles's French Lieutenant's Woman and Paul Scott's Jewel in the Crown are two literary works that illustrate continuity in British literature over time.   While French Lieutenant's Woman [is set in]...the Victorian era and Jewel in the Crown [depicts events in]... the twentieth century . . ., the two exhibit similar thematic content.   Both works emphasize the importance of social stature, both portray society's view of what's acceptable in the intimate relationships of women, and both are stories in which two lovers are together regardless of whether or not society approves.    The portrayal of social statures in French Lieutenant's Woman is rather simple.   Other than Sarah Woodruff, the characters are of the wealthy upper class.   Sarah is described as a "poor but educated woman who has lost her reputation."   Other characters include Charles Smithson, a wealthy gentleman who becomes Sarah's lover; Ernistina Freeman, Charles' fiance and daughter of a wealthy businessman; Mr. Freeman, Ernestina's father, a successful businessman who aspires to the upper class by marrying his daughter into [a higher class]...; and Ms. Poultney, a wealthy widow who takes in Sarah Woodruff to belittle and humiliate.    Social statures portrayed in Jewel in the Crown are more complicated; race also plays into the social status of its characters.   The main character of the story is Daphne Manners, who starts off as upper class but is later demoted to "that Manners girl" due to an inter-racial relationship with Hari Kumar.   Hari is born in India, but grew up well to do in England.   Upon his return to India he has lost his social status.   he aspires to the ... ...disapprove and criticize her.   It was a sad reality that white hostility for mixed relationships could devalue the life of an innocent child.    Jewel in the Crown and French Lieutenant's Woman illustrate in full, continuity in British literature.   While French Lieutenant's Woman represents the 1860s and Jewel in the Crown represents the 1940s, the two literary works remain very similar in plot and theme.   They also illustrate that the values of the British in regards to intimate relationships and social boundaries remained unchanged for over eighty years.    Works Cited    Damrosch, David, et al., ed.   The Longman Anthology of British Literature.   Vol. B. Compact ed.   New York:   Longman - Addison Wesley Longman, 2000. Scott, Paul.   The Jewel in the Crown.   (1966.)   Vol. 1 of the Raj Quartet.   Rpt. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1998.

Venn Diagram

Visual tool to help students organize complex information in a visual way. The Venn diagram comes from a branch of mathematics called a set theory. John Venn developed them in 1891 to show the relationship between sets. The information is normally presented in linear text and students make the diagram to organize the information. It makes it easier when there is a lot of information, because with linear text it is not as easy to see the relationship.The Venn diagram is an important tool for dents because it is another way for them to problem solve in life. If you are presented with a lot of information that is confusing you can use the Venn diagram to organize the information and once you have the information it is easy for you to see it all laid out before you. This diagram is something that also helps students who are more of a visual learner. If you are able to put all of the information out in a diagram and then you are able to not only see all of the information, you are able to have it all organized in a diagram and right here for you to see.This method is helpful for all students, even those who are not visual learners. With the Venn diagram you are also able to see how the information relates to each other, as well as where the information does not relate. Have always found the Venn diagram an easy method of learning for lots of information. An example would be if you had a list of students who were good in math, a list of students who are good in English and then a group of students who are good in science and along with that list you have a sit of students who are good in all three subjects.

Bruce Goffs Bavinger House essays

Bruce Goffs Bavinger House essays Bruce Goff ¡s working career spanned sixty-six years, from 1916, when he began working in an architect ¡s office, until his death in 1982. During that time he received more than 450 commissions for buildings and related designs, resulting in more than 500 proposals of which at least 147 were realized. Bruce Goff occupied a unique place in American architecture. His buildings looked like those of no other architect. His idiosyncratic designs juxtaposed shapes in unexpected but delightful combinations. His reliance on unusual materials resulted in strange, sometimes futuristic combinations of colors and textures. His interior designs were resolutely unconventional and were intended to provide both physical comfort and spiritual sustenance. His goal was to design for the 'continuous present ¡ without referring specifically to the past, present, or future. Working on this ideal plane, Goff continually found new and surprising ways to satisfy the functional demands of a project. T he distinctiveness of Goff's designs could be ascribed in large part to his determination not to be bound by previous approaches to architecture, to his total commitment to his clients' desires, and to his ceaseless search for inspiration in music, painting, and literature. Unlike many of his fellow architects, Bruce Goff did not seek to provide historians with a cohesive body of work in any conventional fashion. Goff worked his entire life to free architecture from the indolent idioms of the past and to show by his own example that there were many extraordinary possibilities for innovation in the world. No two of his buildings looked the same, and this seemed to have been his goal; his maxim of 'beginning again and again ¡ did not lend itself to the inbred refinement of style practiced by most of his contemporaries. In describing his approach to architecture, he said,  ¡Each time we do a building it should be the first and the last. We should begin aga...