Use Of Modafinil And Armodafinil On Schizophrenia - 999 Words

2.11.1 Uses of Modafinil Armodafinil in Schizophrenia: Modafinil was shown to reverse phencyclidine (PCP)-induced impairment in attentional set shifting in a rat model of schizophrenia (Pedersen et al. 2009). Modafinil has also been shown to improve mood, depressive symptoms, and sense of humor, confidence, fatigue, vitality, social functioning and quality of life in healthy and bipolar depressive patients. However, some studies report anxiogenic properties of modafinil at 200 and 400 mg while others report anxiolytic properties. Both psychostimulants modafinil and armodafinil have a low potential to abuse and induce psychosis (Ferraro et al. 1997; Connell 1958; Pawluk et al. 1995) possibly because of its selective activation of hypothalamic regions such as the tuberomammillary nucleus and hypocretin (orexinergic) neurons. In a study by Morein-Zamir et al. in 2007, modafinil was discovered to improve short and long-term memory and cognitive flexibility in patients with schizophrenia. In 2011, the same research group reported an improvement in recognition of facial expression for all categories of emotion, particularly for sadness. In addition, in 2012 this research group conducted a systematic review of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials on the use of modafinil (but not armodafinil) for the treatment of schizophrenia and observed that modafinil demonstrated beneficial effects in improving cognition, including spatial

Inquiry for Professional Nursing Practice

Question: Discuss about the Inquiry for Professional Nursing Practice. Answer: Introduction: The medical issues of Mr. Alphonse Martinez are myocardial infarction, chest pain, and severe heart attack. The patient has recently made an Advanced Health Directive (AHD) that prevented him from being resuscitated in case he experiences a heart failure. He is a retired Italian man having a close family loving family who is willing to do anything for his condition including acting in contrary to the directive (Alphonse Martinez (Hawley, 2007)). In addition to the family, he is a religious man usually, goes to church on Sunday. He also believes in the Christian rites by ordering the priest to come and pay him a visit. The ethical issues seen in the hospital is beneficence and the lack of autonomy even among the medical practitioners. The legal issues of the patient are his Italian citizenship, guardianship, and refusal to treatment in case of another severe heart attack. These facts and issues will be explored throughout the paper to identify the various principles of professional nu rsing. Consideration of the Relevant Facts The medical condition of Mr. Alphonse is myocardial infarction characterized by a severe heart attack. It occurs when the flow of blood to the heart is cut off. Since coronary arteries are the most prominent vessels ensuring the pumping of oxygenated blood to the rest of the body organ, their blockage can lead to severe and acute heart failure. It is commonly caused by the deposition of low-density lipoprotein along the walls of heart vessels causing interference with the transfer of blood to the other parts of the body. Most patients who are susceptible to the condition are those having historical backgrounds in obesity, hypertension, having high blood sugar level and diabetes. Another prognosis could be the age situation, persistence stress, and drug use. The condition of the patient is acute since he always resuscitated whenever he experiences the severity of the condition. Also, while at the hospital as soon as his buzzer went, he suffered the cardiac arrest. This happened after Mark left him alone at the bedside to talk to RN. It implies that his situation is highly prompted by stress causing high blood pressure hence the cardiac arrest (Chaska, 2001).). The surgical procedure can be used to remove the clotting that might have deposited along the walls of the heart vessels. Other alternative treatments for the condition can be the use of stress relieving through psychiatric means. This will offer professional assistance to avoid stressful moments thereby avoiding anxiety and depressions. The condition typically creates a large impact on the life of the patient and mostly his family members regarding their social existence. He will suffer depression due to acute coronary syndromes often acquired after clinical processes have been done. It sometimes increases high chances of developing mental illness. Moreover, the patient will develop psychological trauma caused by the fear and embarrassment of surgical scars. On the other hand, the family is primarily affected as the condition is frequently characterized by a decrease in the life expectancy hence they will feel less protected considering his state. Ethical Theories and Principles The moral principles include; the principle of autonomy which holds the call for one to have respect to the obligation of another person. The principle of beneficence states that every individual has a duty to bring out the best in some actions taken (Tschudin, 2003). Thirdly, the principle of non-maleficence that says that the measures taken should be aimed heightening the real and reducing the harm. It merely illustrates the motivation one should have to avoid harming the other individual. Lastly, the principle of justice which holds that each and every person is liable to be treated and attended to fairly and equally by providing them with what they deserve. In the principle of autonomy, Mr. Alphonse preferred that he was not to be resuscitated in case he experienced another severe heart attack (Wheeler, 2012). Furthermore, he orders Mark to contact his priest to give him the last rites in the hospital. As per the Singapore Nurses and Midwives Act, the ethical code of practice exp ected of the nurses to show kindness and values patients decisions at all costs. The risks that can be associated with the preference of the patience can lead to a total failure of the heart causing him his life hence a conflict in the two principles. Conducting the procedure will also result in the lack of autonomy regarding Mr. Alphonse. To avoid the situation contradicting the moral ethics in the act. Generally, a third person can intervene to address the matter. An assessment can also be processed concerning the requirements of both the parties. Ethical Conflicts Moral conflict arises when various ethical principles are confronted in a collision in amidst promoting the interest of the parties that are involved in the decision making. Most of the above illustrated moral principles are contradictory to each other in that in trying to satisfy one; another one is likely to be affected. For instance, in upholding the principle of autonomy, the principle of beneficence is highly underpinned i.e. failure to perform resuscitation procedure may not be entirely aimed at achieving the best of what is expected to the patient (In Fulton, In Lyon, In Goudreau, 2014). It is likely to cause the life of Mr. Alphonse; a severe harm causal that prevention as stated by the principle of non-maleficence. On the other hand, performing the process to achieve ultimate benefit is a clear violation of the principle of autonomy which causes uninformed decision making in the facility as opposed to the regulatory act. The conflicts occur as the doctors are bound to vario us codes of ethics especially in the appraisal of patients decision. The Australian National Board require nurses to act within the practices and principles that are listed on the framework, and this includes setting competent care and standards of treatment within the hospital (Principle of Beneficence) (NMBA, 2008). The codes also should be guided by professional judgments i.e. those attending to a patient should be competent and qualified nurses. It may be resolved through the efforts of nurse leaders who are centrally involved in the diffusion of such kinds of conflicts. The nursing codes of ethics should be adhered to with the aim of providing an ultimate solution. These include supporting the health and preserving trust among the patients. The Practice Standards This law provides a guide and a directive to various codes that are expected of nurses in the execution of their duties besides their professionalism standards. The law is a bunch of different qualifications that every nurse and midwife must meet. The standards that are contained within the act are a composition of various codes of conduct, ethical practices, guides to different industries and the standards of their practices (Australian Nursing Council, 2005). The method recognizes various rights of patients and obligation of the nurse in ensuring that ultimate care and protection. As to the case study, regarding the role of nurses, they should respect and offer kindness to most patients. They also are mandated to make informed decisions regarding the service provision of patients. Decisions made during their operation and practices according to the legal and ethical frameworks that helps to guide nurses and the midwives to satisfy the public interest and that of the patient. The Singapore Act pledges that a patient should be attended to and receive the best form of treatment as possible i.e. principle of beneficence. It is the obligation of the nurses under the act to provide competent and quality service provision that will be aimed at bettering the state of the patient. In relation to the principle of justice, he has the right to acquire legal decisions as per his wills on the type of treatment he ought to obtain (Jones, 2010). Moreover, they are legible to minimize any possible risks that the patient is likely to be experiencing and reduce the harm. The practice standards in the act are the ethical relations of the nurses and their patients, withholding and preservation of trust of patients based on the management of their information, the various capacity building of the nurses to heighten the confidence of the community and other individuals within the society (SNB, 2011). Moreover, the act also is regarded by the role of the nurses to provide an efficient information that is accurate and impartial regarding some patients within the hospital. In the Human Tissue and Transplant Act, the person who is undergoing the operation should be guided and efficiently accessed regarding the various effects of the procedure and ways of ensuring the success of the process. The practice standards require nurses and other practitioners to provide an effective information and best care, especially when dealing with the transplant of these tissues. No information should be left out from the patient regarding the risks and the form of treatment that is likely to be applied to the patient (Nurses Midwives Board of Australia, 2002). The Age of Majority Act also applies to the case study as the patient is most likely to be experiencing the condition due to his age. The act applies that much care and attention should be given a lot of considerations and care as they lack th ose that can attend to them. Regarding the Human and Tissue Transplant Act, the patient should be provided with adequate information, and he/she should have a prior knowledge regarding the procedure. No patient should undergo the operation without the lack of consent from the patient. Ethical Decisions The clinical, moral decisions should make medical indication through the analysis of the various causes of the condition, how it is diagnosed, treatment process and how the goals of care are assessed. The decision made by the patient should be aimed at ensuring their preferences and the decisions they made when admitted with an aim to improve the trust of the patient. The decision is justifiable especially after the patient opposed to being resuscitated in the event of another heart attack. The framework of the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia points out various ethical standards of accountability regarding nurses especially those handling the patient (Western Australia, 2010). The principles of the nurses of comprehensive assessment ensure that standard practices are properly adhered to. The principle of reliability upholds that the preferences of the patient should be maintained after consideration by the nurse officials on his basis and several implications. The guidelines were based on the greater good of both the patient and his family pertaining the treatment process by the use of psychologist and nurse leaders. The statutory bodies are also an instrumental key in the determination of the case regarding the principles of the ethical concern of most nurses to their patients (Young Hayes, 2002). The right facts of the patient refusal to be treated are likely to impact on the principle of beneficence. The ethical decision will be to perform the process to Mr. Alphonse in the case of the attack and act on the contrary to his decisions. His life is still an important factor to both his family and the reputation of the doctors. It will be against the doctors mandate of saving the life to ignore and what can be caused a psychotic disorder and distress. Evaluating the Decision According to Nurses Midwifes Board of Australia. (2006), the ethical decision will be assessed through the guiding principles of nurse leaders and the various standards of practices that are held legible. The efficacy of the decision will be based on its ability to provide and determine a solution to the case (Lyons, 2010). The document will be stored on the relevant sites of the institution and its principal catalogs. The documents can be well preserved in the nursing home to provide authenticity for the case and ensures that they are stored accurately and more conveniently. References Alphonse Martinez (Hawley, G. (p 212, 2007). Ethics in clinical practice: An inter-professional Approach. London. Pearson Education Ltd. Australian Nursing Council. (2005). Code of professional conduct for nurses in Australia. Canberra: The Council. Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council. Nurses Midwifes Board of Australia. (2008). Codes of professional conduct ethics for nurses midwives in Australia 2008. South Australia: Nurses Board of South Australia Chaska, N. L. (2001). The nursing profession: Tomorrow and beyond. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. In Fulton, J. S., In Lyon, B. L., In Goudreau, K. A. (2014). Foundations of clinical nurse specialist practice. Jones, I. H. (2010). The nurse's code: A practical approach to the code of professional conduct for nurses, midwives, and health visitors. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan Education Ltd. Lyons, N. (2010). Handbook of reflection and reflective inquiry: Mapping a way of knowing for professional reflective inquiry. New York: Springer. Molinari, D., Bushy, A. (2012). The rural nurse: Transition to practice. New York: Springer Pub. Co. Nurses Midwifes Board of Australia. (2006). Nursing midwifery: NMBA bulletin. Adelaide: NMBA. Nurses Midwives Board of Australia. (2002). Nurses and Midwives Board of Australia. East Perth, W.A: The Board. SNB. (2011) Standards for practice for nurses and midwives. Sage Publications. Singapore Nurses and Midwives Act (2000) Scope of Nursing and Midwifery. Wheeler, H. (2012). Law, ethics, and professional issues for nursing: A reflective and portfolio-building approach. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Western Australia. (2010). Health Practitioner Regulation National Law (WA) Act 2010: (no. 35 of 2010). Perth, W.A.: Govt. Printer. Young, L. E., Hayes, V. E. (2002). Transforming health promotion practice: Concepts, issues, and applications. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co.

The Stranger Review Essay Example

The Stranger Review Paper Essay on The Stranger I met the night ass Mr paaaachtenneyshego chief at very possessing circumstances. I vsuropil book my brother, after I read some ironic fantasy. That book was good for a carefree summer on the eve of the festival Grushinskiy) But Fry . was better. We will write a custom essay sample on The Stranger Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Stranger Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Stranger Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It should be said that a kind of interesting Echo input. No, Im not talking about the tram, fascinated by Sir Max into the world of magic and delicious vsyakostey shtukostey. Im on the first 30 pages of the book. They are written in so many terrible curse Ghouls in your mouth, taken literally! A feeling that it was written by an entirely different author My advice is to read -. Skip this crap. This is not Max, and it is not Echo, with whom you have to communicate . Yes there to chat live! For you is akin to;..) Glutton Bumba dim lights The first investigation Total Chura, gangling Max) Melamori (I mentally imagined Angelina Jolie this role, although it is not well suited for the description), Lonely Locle, should not be easily given to say and I imechko (I imagined Alan Rickman) all of these characters are and your work colleagues. As for Dzhuffina so his face changed from Al Pacino to Anthony Hopkins I read this book and was glad that she was so fat Going into the weekend in the tent the night.! I was thrown out of his backpack a sweater and put her My sessions bedtime reading soon turned into a reading instead of sleeping and when I dreamed a dream, in general, it is!. completely harmless battle with some slug in the basement of the house Maksovskogo I woke up in a cold sweat. Tale-tale, and she gets there and shiver) And then? Then Echo Chronicle ran And there was a long and hard breaking -. Without this drug dope All that remains for me -. Stroking stylish cover and dream-dream-dream to read someday that someday be as magical and exciting

Global East - Twin Globalization essays

Global East - Twin Globalization essays Globalization is used in any and every context. It is used in international discourses both official and non-official, and in the context of the interdependency of economies and nations. The word globalization has evolved over time, but it has assumed more prominence since the end of the cold war and rapid liberation of emerging economies. Since the whole process is about development and transformation the process of globalization has become the necessary consequence of the economic development and cultural development, which is the pursuit of most modern market economies leading to interconnectedness of most economies and nations. However even with all the research, case studies, and discussions about globalization, it still remains an elusive concept without real-life examples capable of breathing shape, color, and sound into a vague term that continues to dominate the twenty- first century media landscape(Steger 2). One can claim that the engine that drives forces of globalizatio n is primarily a combination of economic and cultural ones. But in order to understand what drives the forces, first an analysis of the concept of globalization is relevant. Economical and cultural forces continue to drive the engine of globalization, resulting in a balancing act of positives and negatives while determining the ever-changing worth of nations. To understand why globalization continues to exist, one has to analyze the two forces that continue to instill life into it, the economic and cultural forces. One of the forces is economic globalization and is positively characterized by the intensification and stretching of economic interrelations across the globe (Steger 38). With the liberalization of the free market, tremendous flows of capital have stimulated trade in goods and services. Markets have extended their reach around the world, creating linkages, with other nations, transnational corporations, an...

Afghanistan Country Facts and History

Afghanistan Country Facts and History Afghanistan has the misfortune of sitting in a strategic position at the crossroads of Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Middle East. Despite its mountainous terrain and fiercely independent inhabitants, the country has been invaded time after time throughout its history. Today, Afghanistan is once more embroiled in war, pitting NATO troops and the current government against the ousted Taliban and its allies. Afghanistan is a fascinating but violence-wracked country, where East meets West. Capital and Major Cities Capital:  Kabul, population 3,475,000 (2013 estimate) Kandahar, population 491,500Herat, 436,300Mazar-e-Sharif, 375,000Kunduz, 304,600Jalalabad, 205,000 Afghanistan Government Afghanistan is an Islamic Republic, headed by the President. Afghan presidents may serve a maximum of two 5-year terms.  Ashraf Ghani was elected in 2014.   Hamid Karzai  served two terms as president before him. The National Assembly is a bicameral legislature, with a 249-member House of the People (Wolesi Jirga), and a 102-member House of the Elders (Meshrano Jirga). The nine justices of the Supreme Court (Stera Mahkama) are appointed to terms of 10 years by the President. These appointments are subject to approval by the Wolesi Jirga. Afghanistan Population The population of Afghanistan is estimated at 32.6 million. Afghanistan is home to a number of ethnic groups. The largest is the Pashtun, 42 percent of the population. Tajiks make up 27 percent, Hazaras  8 percent, and Uzbeks 9 percent, Aimaks 4 percent, Turkmen 3 percent and Baluchi 2 percent. The remaining 13 percent are tiny populations of Nuristanis, Kizibashis, and other groups. Life expectancy for both men and women within Afghanistan is 60 years. The infant mortality rate is 115 per 1,000 live births, the worst in the world. It also has one of the highest maternal mortality rates. Official Languages Afghanistans official languages are Dari and Pashto, both of which are Indo-European languages in the Iranian sub-family. Written Dari and Pashto both use a modified Arabic script.Other Afghan languages include Hazaragi, Uzbek, and Turkmen. Dari is the Afghan dialect of the Persian language. It is quite similar to Iranian Dari, with slight differences in pronunciation and accent. The two are mutually intelligible. Around 33 percent of Afghanis speak Dari as their first language. About 40 percent of the people of Afghanistan speak Pashto, the language of the Pashtun tribe. It is also spoken in the Pashtun areas of western Pakistan. Religion The overwhelming majority of Afghanistans people are Muslim, around 99 percent. About 80 percent are Sunni, and 19 percent Shia. The final one percent includes about 20,000 Bahais, 3,000-5,000 Christians. Only one Bukharan Jewish man, Zablon Simintov, remained by 2005. All of the other members of the Jewish community fled when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Until the mid-1980s, Afghanistan also had a population of 30,000 to 150,000 Hindus and Sikhs. During the Taliban regime, the Hindu minority was forced to wear yellow badges when they went out in public, and Hindu women had to wear the Islamic-style hijab. Today, only a few Hindus remain. Geography Afghanistan is a land-locked country bordering on Iran to the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan to the north, a tiny border with China at the northeast, and Pakistan to the east and south. Its total area is 647,500 square kilometers (almost 250,000 square miles). Most of Afghanistan is in the Hindu Kush Mountains, with some lower-lying desert areas. The highest point is Nowshak, at 7,486 meters (24,560 feet). The lowest is the Amu Darya River Basin, at 258 meters (846 feet). An arid and mountainous country, Afghanistan has little cropland; a scant 12 percent is arable, and only 0.2 percent is under permanent crop-cover. Climate The climate of Afghanistan is very dry and seasonal, with temperatures varying by altitude. Kabuls average January temperature is 0 degrees Celsius (32 Fahrenheit), while noon temperatures in July often reach 38 Celsius (100 Fahrenheit). Jalalabad can hit 46 Celsius (115 Fahrenheit) in the summer. Most of the precipitation that falls in Afghanistan comes in the form of winter snow. The nation-wide annual average is only 25-30 centimeters (10 to 12 inches), but snow drifts in the mountain valleys can reach depths of over 2 meters. The desert experiences sandstorms carried on winds moving at up to 177 kph (110 mph). Economy Afghanistan is among the poorest countries on Earth. The per capita GDP is $1,900 US, and about 36 percent of the population lives under the poverty line. The economy of Afghanistan receives large infusions of foreign aid, totaling billions of U.S. dollars annually. It has been undergoing a recovery, in part by the return of over five million expatriates and new construction projects. The countrys most valuable export is opium; eradication efforts have had mixed success. Other export goods include wheat, cotton, wool, handwoven rugs, and precious stones. Afghanistan imports much of its food and energy. Agriculture employs 80 percent of the labor force, industry, and services 10 percent each. The unemployment rate is 35 percent. The currency is the afghani. As of 2016, $1 US 69 afghani. History of Afghanistan Afghanistan was settled at least 50,000 years ago. Early cities such as Mundigak and Balkh sprang up around 5,000 years ago; they likely were affiliated with the Aryan culture of India. Around 700 B.C., the Median Empire expanded its rule to Afghanistan. The Medes were an Iranian people, rivals of the Persians. By 550 B.C., the Persians had displaced the Medians, establishing the Achaemenid Dynasty. Alexander the Great of Macedonia invaded Afghanistan in 328 B.C., founding a Hellenistic empire with its capital at Bactria (Balkh). The Greeks were displaced around 150 B.C. by the Kushans and later the Parthians, nomadic Iranians. The Parthians ruled until about 300 A.D. when the Sassanians took control. Most Afghans were Hindu, Buddhist or Zoroastrian at that time, but an Arab invasion in 642 A.D. introduced Islam. The Arabs defeated the Sassanians and ruled until 870, at which time they were driven out again by the Persians. In 1220, Mongol warriors under Genghis Khan conquered Afghanistan, and descendants of the Mongols would rule much of the region until 1747. In 1747, the Durrani Dynasty was founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani, an ethnic Pashtun. This marked the origin of modern Afghanistan. The nineteenth century witnessed increasing Russian and British competition for influence in Central Asia, in The Great Game. Britain fought two wars with the Afghans, in 1839-1842 and 1878-1880. The British were routed in the first Anglo-Afghan War but took control of Afghanistans foreign relations after the second. Afghanistan was neutral in World War I, but Crown Prince Habibullah was assassinated for purported pro-British ideas in 1919. Later that year, Afghanistan attacked India, prompting the British to relinquish control over Afghan foreign affairs. Habibullahs younger brother Amanullah reigned from 1919 until his abdication in 1929. His cousin, Nadir Khan, became king but lasted only four years before he was assassinated. Nadir Khans son, Mohammad Zahir Shah, then took the throne, ruling from 1933 to 1973. He was ousted in a coup by his cousin Sardar Daoud, who declared the country a republic. Daoud was ousted in turn in 1978 by the Soviet-backed PDPA, which instituted Marxist rule. The Soviets took advantage of the political instability to invade in 1979; they would remain for ten years. Warlords ruled from 1989 until the extremist Taliban took power in 1996. The Taliban regime was ousted by U.S.-led forces in 2001 for its support of Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda. A new Afghan government was formed, supported by the International Security Force of the United Nations Security Council. The new government continued to receive help from  US-led NATO troops to battle Taliban insurgencies and shadow governments. The US war in Afghanistan was officially ended December 28, 2014.

Long term care Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Long term care - Case Study Example Rehabilitation centers also constitute an important part of long-term care facilities. Ethics, on the other hand, refers to the concept of right and wrong. Ethics involves the process of defending and applauding the perception of what is right and what is wrong. Ethics defines the best way for people to live to live and tells what should happen in particular circumstances. The whole concept of ethics is based on human morality. The concept of morality in long-term care facilities go hand in hand. There are, however, various challenges that have evolved in the process of ensuring ethics in such facilities. The concept of reasoning has been a problem in long-term care facilities, especially where the patients are mentally unstable (Ekland-Olson, 2015). Mental instability impairs thinking. The patients in these facilities, therefore, propagate immorality due to the inability to reason logically. Another ethical challenge in long-term care facilities has been the increasing populations in such facilities. The concentration of patients in a small restricted area has made it relatively difficult for the authorities to monitor morality. High population makes it difficult for immoral individuals to be traced. In the United States, care facilities are one of the institutional frameworks that need the establishment of morality. Morality in such institutions can be designed and sustained by increased monitoring of individuals and strict observation of legislated policies. Necessary legal actions should be taken on any staff who does not show morality in their profession (Fan, 2010). More long-term care institutions should also be established to control the increasing challenge of overpopulated facilities. Morality in long-term care facilities should be enhanced bot only for the safety of patients under such care, but also for the moral stability of the nation as a whole. Morality in such institutions should, therefore, be maintained at the highest levels

Answering Questions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Answering Questions - Research Paper Example Since the early childhood people are involved in game activity. It starts as education and continues as entertainment. The apotheosis of game is war. In their essays Kofi Annan and Tim Bowling compare football and hockey to â€Å"serious† human activities, such as the UN and war. Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of the UN in 1997-2006, compares football with the UN. Both are international activities and both have about 200 countries as participants: â€Å"as the pinnacle of the only truly global game, played in every country by every race and religion, it is one of the few phenomena as universal as the UN† (Annan 234). Annan argues that the UN should be more like football for people. He dreams of â€Å"citizens consumed by the topic of how their country could do better on the Human Development Index, or exercised about how to reduce carbon emissions or HIV infections† (Annan 234). Indeed, if people were as interested in the UN activities as they are in football, this world would be a much more pleasant place. In my opinion Annan is wrong, because he compares different things. The most important difference is that the UN suggests cooperation, and football is competition. This is the fault of all organizations of such type. They can’t sto p people from competing and fighting. The predecessor of the UN—the League of Nations—failed to prevent the Second World War, just as the UN failed to prevent the USA aggression in the Middle East. Nothing can change the human nature. That is why the UN and football are the phenomena of different orders. The Human Development Index and HIV infections are important, without doubt, but they can never be as important as game. 2. That is why I completely agree to Tim Bowling’s argument that the game of hockey is like war. It was stated above that game is the important element of culture and that war is also a game, most bloody, but most taking one. Two (or more) teams compete for